Macro Assembler Directives

Processor Code Generation Directives

	.186	enables assembly of 80186 instructions
	.286	enables assembly of non privileged 80286 instructions
	.286C	same as .286
	.286P	enables assembly of all 80286 instructions
	.287	enabled assembly of 80287 instructions
	.386	enabled assembly of non privileged 80386 instructions
		If used before .MODEL segments are defined as 32bits.
		Causes all segments to default to DWORD alignment.
	.386P	enabled assembly of all 80386 instructions (see .386)
	.387	enabled assembly of 80387 instructions
	.8086	default, enables assembly of 8088/8086 instruction
	.8087	default, enables assembly of 8087 instructions


	These directives must precede the segment they are to effect.
	they cannot occur within a segment.


Memory Model Directives

	.CODE  [name]	starts code segment; must follow .MODEL directive
	.CONST		starts a constant data segment with name CONST;
			must follow .MODEL directive; placed in DGROUP
	.DATA		starts a near data segment for initialized data
			with name _DATA; must follow .MODEL directive;
			placed in DGROUP
	.DATA?		starts a near data segment for uninitialized
			data with name _BSS; must follow .MODEL
			directive; placed in DGROUP
	.FARDATA [name]	not placed in any group
	.FARDATA? [name] not placed in any group
	.MODEL model	defines memory model to be one of the following:
			SMALL, COMPACT, MEDIUM, LARGE or HUGE;	must be
			used prior to any other segment directive
	.STACK [size]	indicates start of stack segment named 'STACK'
			with size indicating number of bytes to reserve,
			default is 1k; placed in DGROUP


Segment Definition, Segment Ordering and Linkage Directives

	.ALPHA		orders segments alphabetically
	.SEQ		orders segments sequentially (default)
	ASSUME sreg:name [,sreg:name...]   selects default segment
			register to be used by the assembler, not the CPU,
			for addressing all symbols in the segment or group.
			Name must be associated with a SEGMENT or GROUP
			or set to "NOTHING" to indicate no segment register
			is to be associated.
	COMM def [,def...]  defines variables that are both public and
			external (communal).  Can be used in and include
			file to identify it to each source file without
			declaring it in each model as extern.  Actually
			defines data once.  Communal variables cannot be
			initialized, and are not guaranteed to be allocated
			contiguously since these are allocated by the linker.
	DOSSEG		orders segments the same as DOS.  This is Microsoft
			languages default order; causes paragph alignment
	END [name]	marks end of source module and sets program
			start address (CS:IP) if 'name' is present
  name ENDP		ends procedure 'name'
  name ENDS		ends a segment or structure
	EXTRN name:type [,name:type...]  defines one or more external symbols
  name GROUP seg[,seg]
  name LABEL [NEAR|FAR|PROC]  defines an entry point;	If PROC is specified,
			it's value depends on the current MODEL
	NAME pgmName	ignored since MASM 5.0; used to set module name
  name PROC [NEAR|FAR]	defines procedure; NEAR/FAR has .MODEL default
	PUBLIC name[,name...]  makes symbol 'name' available to other modules
  name SEGMENT [align][combine][use]['class']
		align	= BYTE	align on byte address (no alignment)
			= WORD	align on even address
			= DWORD	align on DWORD address
			= PARA	align on next 16 byte paragraph
			= PAGE	align on next 256 byte boundary
		combine = PUBLIC  similar named segments are concatenated (CS)
			= STACK   similar named segments are concatenated (SS)
			= COMMON  similar named segment are overlapped
			= MEMORY  similar names segments are concatenated
			= AT addr segment relative to absolute address
			= nothing segment is private and loaded independent
		use	= USE16   segments will be 16 bits (if .386)
			= USE32   segments will be 32 bits (if .386)


Data Allocation Directives

	ALIGN n		aligns next variable or instruction on a boundary
			that is a multiple of "n".  This can speed memory
			fetches on 16 and 32 bit CPU'S if aligned.  New to
			MASM 5.0, previous versions used EVEN.  Can result
			in NOP's added to code.
[name]	DB init[,init...]  define byte
[name]	DD init[,init...]  define double word (DWORD, 4 bytes)
[name]	DF init[,init...]  define far word (FWORD, 386, 6 bytes)
[name]	DQ init[,init...]  define quad word (QWORD, 8 bytes)
[name]	DT init[,init...]  define temp word (TBYTE, 10 bytes)
[name]	DW init[,init...]  define word (WORD, 2 bytes)
 count	DUP (init[,init...]) duplicate 'init' 'count' times; DUP can be
			nested to 17 levels; DUP'ed initial values
			of (?) don't result in data in the object file
			but instead increment the next data addr
  name	ENDS		end of structure or segment
	EVEN		same as align 2;  Aligns data on even boundary
	ORG expr	sets location counter to 'expr';  If 'expr'
			is '$' the code is ORG'ed at the current loc.
  name	RECORD fld[,fld...]  defines a byte or word variable
			consisting of bit fields;  fields have the format:
			fieldname:width[=expr];  the sum of all widths
			must be <= 0
[name]	STRUC <[init[,init]]>  defines beginning of a structure; Values
			between <> are initializers;  The '<>' symbols
			are required.


Logical and Bit Oriented Directives

 expr1	AND  expr2	returns nonzero if any set bit matches
 expr1	EQ   expr2	returns (-1) for true or (0) for false
 expr1	GE   expr2	returns (-1) for true or (0) for false
 expr1	LE   expr2	returns (-1) for true or (0) for false
 expr1	LT   expr2	returns (-1) for true or (0) for false
	MASK {fldname|record}  returns bit mask for bits in record
 expr1	OR   expr2	returns bitwise OR on expr1 and expr2
	NOT  expr	returns 'expr' with all bits reversed
  expr	SHL  count	returns expr shifted left count times
  expr	SHR  count	returns expr shifted right count times
	WIDTH {fldname|record}	returns width of field in bit record
 expr1 XOR expr2	returns bitwise XOR on expr1 and expr2


Other Operators and Directives

	[]		index operator, same as addition
	.MSFLOAT	encode floats in Microsoft Real Format
	.TYPE	expr	returns byte defining mode and scope of expr
  name	EQU 	expr	assigns expression to name. surround text with <>
	HIGH	expr	returns high byte of 'expr'
	INCLUDE filespec  inserts code from 'filespec' into file
	INCLUDELIB filespec  stores link library info in .OBJ file
	LENGTH	var	returns number of data objects in DUPed 'var'
	LOW	expr	returns low byte of 'expr'
 expr1	MOD	expr2	return remainder of expr1/expr2
	OFFSET	expr	returns offset of expr;   When .MODEL is used
			the offset of a group relative segment refers
			to the end of the segment
  type	PTR	expr	forces 'expr' to 'type'
	SEG	expr	returns segment of expression
	SHORT		sets type of label to short, less than 128
			bytes from start of next instruction
	SIZE	var	returns # of bytes allocated by DUP directive
	THIS	type	returns an operand of specified type whose
			offset and segment values are equal to the
			current location
	TYPE	expr	returns type of expression


	Program Listing and Documentation Directives

	.CREF		restores listing of cross reference symbols
	.LALL		include macro expansion in listings
	.LFCOND		include false conditional blocks in listings
	.LIST		starts listing of statements
	.SALL		suppress listing of all macro expansions
	.SFCOND		suppress false conditional blocks in listings
	.XALL		start listing of macro expansion
	.XCREF [name[,name...]]  suppress symbols in cross reference
	.XLIST		suppress program listing
	COMMENT delimiter [text]
	PAGE   [[len],wid]	sets page length&width or ejects if no parms
	SUBTTL	text	defines program listing subtitle
	TITLE	text	defines program listing title


	Condition Assembly Directives

	ELSE		else clause for conditional assembly block
	ENDIF		terminates a conditional assembly block
	IFDEF	name	conditional assembly if name is defined


	Macro Definition Directives

	ENDM		terminates a macro block
	EXITM		exit macro expansion immediately
	IRP  parm, parm in the statements enclosed by the
			IRP and ENDM will be repeated and replaced with the
			values of "arg" for each "arg" in the <>.
	IRPC parm,  parm in the statements enclosed by the IRPC
			and ENDM will be repeated and replaced with the values
			of each char in the "string" for each character
			position in the string.  "string" should be enclosed
			in <> if it contains spaces or other separators.
	LOCAL name[,name...]  defines scope symbol as local to a macro
  name	MACRO [parm[,parm...]]	defines a macro and it's parameters
	PURGE name[,name]  purges macros from memory
	REPT	expr	repeats all statements through ENDM statement for
			'expr' times


	User Message Directives

	.ERR		generates and error
	.ERR1		generates an error on PASS 1
	.ERR2		generates an error on PASS 2
	.ERRB		generates an error if 'arg' is blank
	.ERRDEF name	generates an error if 'name' is previously defined
	.ERRDIF[I] ,
	.ERRE	expr	generates and error is 'expr' is false
	%OUT	text	displays 'text' to console


	Predefined Equates (available only if simplified segments are used)

	@curseg		contains the current segment
	@filename	current file name without extension
	@code		contains the current code segment
	@codesize	0 for small & compact, 1 for large, medium & huge
	@datasize	0 for small & medium, 1 for compact & large, 2=huge
	@const		contains segment of define by .CONST
	@data		contains segment of define by .DATA
	@data?		contains segment of define by .DATA?
	@fardata	contains segment of define by .FARDATA
	@fardata?	contains segment of define by .FARDATA?
	@stack		contains segment of define by .STACK

	Most of these are only available if the simplified segment system
	is used.  @curseg and @filename are available regardless.


	Radix Specifiers

	.RADIX expr	sets radix [2..16] for numbers (dec. default)
	B		binary data specifier
	Q		octal data specifier
	O		octal data specifier
	D		decimal data specifier
	H		hexadecimal data specifier